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One of the most difficult aspects for a student learning Spanish is the verb tenses. Studying the Spanish verb conjugation is a challenge because of the modes, tenses, and different conjugations they have. Unlike in English, in Spanish each verb has its own tense, mood, person, and number that must coincide when conjugating them.
If this is your case, donQuijote offers you a simple, quick, and easy guide with all the details you need to know how to differentiate the Spanish verb tenses. Learn Spanish by correctly using the verb modes, how to conjugate them and each existing tense with this article.
You can read this article in its Spanish version at this link.
Spanish verb tenses are very varied, they must agree in mood, tense, person, and number. Depending on the ending of the verb (-ar, -er or -ir) each one has a different conjugation.
In addition, tenses are classified in two. Simple tenses are those that express the action of the verb with a single word, for example: bailaba, comía or durmió. And compound tenses, those that express the action with the auxiliary verb “haber” followed by a participle, e.g.: ha resultado, haya escuchado or había comido. However, they are also affected by the mode, which expresses the intention of the speaker, and there are three: indicative mode, subjunctive mode, and imperative mode.
On the other hand, it is important for you to know that verb tense is the category that locates an action in time, that is, whether it occurs in the present, past, or future. In Spanish, the indicative and subjunctive moods include these three forms.
Below, you can find an explanation of each Spanish verb conjugation, what type of actions it is used and some examples.
The indicative mode is the most used in Spanish and is used describe and talk about actions that are happening now, in the past or in the future. Let's look at the same three verbs (cantar, comer and salir) conjugated with the different Spanish verb tenses that exist in the indicative mode.
So, the indicative mode is divided into several verb tenses:
Presente (present): this Spanish verb tense expresses permanent, stable situations and describes actions that are repeated, so it places the action in the immediate moment.
For example, in the verb cantar (sing), comer (eat) and salir (go out) would be:
Pretérito perfecto simple: expresses actions that began and ended in the past, that were punctual or interrupted other actions. Example:
Pretérito imperfecto: this Spanish verb tense expresses past actions that we do not know when they began and if they ended. It also conveys the continuity of an action in the past. For example:
Pretérito perfecto compuesto: expresses actions in the past that are connected to the present or that are still happening. Since it is a compound tense, it needs the verb “haber” as an auxiliary verb. All compound tenses use this conjugated auxiliary verb + the participle of the main verb. For example:
Pretérito pluscuamperfecto: a verb tense that expresses a past action prior to another action that also occurred in the past. It is a compound verb that also uses the verb “haber”. For example:
Pretérito anterior: this is a Spanish verb tense that is rarely used, but which refers to an action that has concluded so that the following action can take place. For example:
Futuro simple (future simple): it expresses an action that takes place later than the enunciation. For example:
Future compuesto (compound future): expresses an action prior to another future action, but later with respect to the present; it can also express doubt in relation to a past action. It is a compound verb tense in Spanish. For example:
Condicional simple (simple conditional): expresses suppositions, hypotheses, or suggestions, it is also used to form questions, requests, or invitations. Examples:
Condicional compuesto (compound conditional): expresses past hypothetical situations that did not occur or past wishes that were impossible to fulfill. For example:
The subjunctive mode is used to express possible, desired, or hypothetical actions, but which are not happening. The same as the indicative mood, it is divided into:
Presente: it expresses a present or future probability. It also expresses emotions, feelings, desires, advice, etc. Examples:
Pretérito perfecto compuesto: expresses actions that have already ended but are related to an action in the main sentence or actions that will end in the future. For example:
Pretérito imperfecto: this Spanish verb tense expresses an action that occurred at the same time or after another. It is also used in conditional, concessive, or improbable sentences. For example:
Pretérito pluscuamperfecto: this verb tense in Spanish conveys actions that could have happened or would have happened in the past. Examples:
Futuro simple: in the subjunctive mood, the future simple is a verb tense used to refer to a future, hypothetical action, or situation. For example:
Futuro compuesto: this verb tense in Spanish expresses a future action that would have already ended with respect to a future tense, but that would occur only if the previous situation were fulfilled. Examples:
The imperative mode is used to give orders or advice, make requests, or give instructions. Unlike the indicative and subjunctive moods, this mode does not differentiate verb tenses and only presents the second person of both singular and plural, i.e. tú and vosotros, as well as usted in Spanish. Although in the imperative mood, the subject is usually omitted most of the time since this verb conjugation is used to give orders or instructions.
For example:
These are all the Spanish verb tenses that exist, depending on the verb, they are conjugated in one way or another. As in English, there are regular and irregular verbs, so each verb is unique and has a different way of being conjugated. So come and study a Spanish course in Spain with donQuijote and learn from professional teachers the best tricks to understand and internalize the Spanish verb conjugation and tenses.
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